|
A straw bear (German: ''Strohbär'', plural ''Strohbären'') is a traditional character that appears in carnival processions or as a separate seasonal custom in parts of Germany, mainly at Shrovetide but sometimes at Candlemas or Christmas Eve. The people playing the bears either dress in costumes made of straw, or are actually wrapped in straw. The straw used may be that of wheat, rye, oats, spelt or peastraw; twigs and modern artificial materials have also been used. The bears may be relatively realistic in appearance, with detailed masks,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Buchen Faschenacht Erbsenstrohbär webpage )〕 or fully rounded headpieces,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Elfarrat Osterburken Faschenachtsverein website: Strohbärgruppe )〕 or they may be more abstract, with narrow heads like a long, tapering sheaf. ==History== Straw bears may be derived from the medieval carnival figure of the Wild Man. They were also interpreted by early folklorists as personifications of Winter, and their appearance in late winter or early spring was seen as a ritual expulsion of winter from the community.〔 Others think they were merely intended to represent the real "dancing" bears that used to be taken from place to place for entertainment. The bears were originally accompanied by groups of costumed attendants and musicians and visited houses, begging from door to door. One of the earliest known references is from Wurmlingen in 1852. In most cases they were rewarded with gifts of eggs, lard and flour (it may have been significant that these three items were white in colour),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tagblatt: Newspaper report ''Früher alltäglich, heute selten: Strohbären wie der Hirschauer Äschadreppler'' )〕 or ''fasnetsküchle'' (carnival fritters), or money. At the end of the day the group would share or consume their gifts in a tavern. This ''quête'' (begging) style of custom is no longer practiced; most bears now appear as part of carnival processions, although there are some which still remain independent of the carnival itself. Straw bears appeared particularly in agricultural communities. Although the tradition is no longer as widespread as it once was, straw bears can still be found in Baden-Württemberg, Hessen (particularly the Vogelsberg), Lower Saxony, Bavaria, the Hunsrück and Eifel areas of Rhineland-Palatinate, and Thuringia. Today they are particularly associated with the "Swabian-Alemannic Carnival" or ''Fastnacht'' of southwestern Germany in the area between the upper Neckar River and Lake Constance of Baden-Wuerttemberg. Formerly there were also straw bears in Pomerania, Rheinland and West Germany. In some places the straw-swathed characters are not intended to represent bears, and are simply known as straw men. The decline in popularity of straw characters in carnival today is thought to be largely due to the difficulty of obtaining straw of suitable length and quality. Modern farmers generally prefer cultivars with shorter straw, or use chemical sprays to make the straw grow shorter so that their crops are less prone to damage by storms. Artificial materials have replaced straw in a few places. In other places, such as Hirschauer, where the ''Äschadreppler'' is traditionally clad in peastraw, crops are being specially planted to ensure the supply of the appropriate straw for the costumes.〔 Modern straw bear costumes may be kept from year to year; formerly they were often burned at the end of the day on which they were used. This still happens in some places. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Straw bear」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|